Adrien Moreau studied at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in 1863. His first teacher was Léon Cogniet, followed by Isidore Pils the following year. He exhibited for the first time at the Salon de Paris in 1868 with a subject taken from the Bible. On 9 April 1892, he was made a knight of the Légion d'honneur.
He illustrated the works of great French writers such as Voltaire and Honoré de Balzac - Les Chouans, Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées, La Femme de trente ans, Z. Marcas, La Peau de chagrin, L'Envers de l'histoire contemporaine - and Anatole France's Mémoires d'un volontaire (1902). He illustrated Octave Uzanne's Son altesse la femme (1885) for Quantin. Adrien Moreau was a member of the Société d'aquarellistes français.